I don't know Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

I don't know - Essay Example â€Å"The Toxic Reef† portion of this side of the museum is rendered to serve public view an insight about the unfavorable effects of toxic wastes and the levels of toxicity that occur to induce stress on the underwater corals. Through certain architectural items mounted in the historic sites of the museum, it may be observed that such sculptures consist not only of the visual elements which artists had put to shape and form. Plant shelters like nests and moss-looking structures are embedded on the rigid pieces to serve the purpose of art and haven for birds and other small flying creatures that seek places of refuge. This beautiful scene is likely schemed to attract visitors not merely with the classic and modern concept of art but even with the sight of dynamic nature that goes well with it. A couple of fellow visitors have remarked about experiencing the sight and sound of lovely singing birds that seem to dwell in comfort among the architecturally built vast figures. In the conservation may also be found the â€Å"bee skep† which is said to be a conventional beehive patterned after the basic human invention of honeycomb made of an upside-down coiled basket. On the outside, the â€Å"bee skep† appears too plain for a viewer who would expect a more significant detail, but on actually getting real close to this exhibit, a specific unique smell lingers. At first, there emerges strange sense of odor in smelling the material from the inside but in a longer span such odor becomes interesting, as though an instant connection to understanding the habitat of bees is established. To this extent, a visitor realizes the essence of keeping the Indiana State Museum where, besides feasting on the delightful looks of human creations and versatile artistry, gaining of socio-environmental consciousness annexes cultural awareness. Consequently, the sentiment evolved for the pieces of

Holden Caulfield and Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

Holden Caulfield and Huckleberry Finn Essay The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Catcher in the Rye wonderfully express the thoughts, and feelings that typically run through the average teenagers mind. In each of these stories, the main character is left searching for his true identity. Huck Finns journey leads him to question the beliefs others have imposed upon him since his youth. While Holden Caulfield is a very confused and depressed person who desperately seeks acceptance, and companionship. Both characters are experiencing life as independent people, each having their own unique qualities, but in general they are both learning that in order to survive and make the right decisions, they need to mature. Holden Caulfield and Huck Finn share many of the same characteristics. For one thing, they both tend to lie a lot. Holden lied to nearly everyone he met, one example of his deception was when he met the mother of Ernest Morrow on the train to New York. He told her how popular, kind, and modest her son was despite how Holden hated him. Huck also lies a lot, but usually he only deceives people to protect himself and Jim. This occurs when he dressed up as a girl to find out what the rumors of Jims whereabouts were. They have many other similar qualities such as not conforming to society. Whether it was by choice or not, Huck and Holden paved their own paths, they tried to figure out what was right and wrong for themselves instead of following what everyone else said. The characters Huck Finn and Holden Caulfield share a special bond. Both boys are the most unlikely of heroes, they lie, deceive, act irresponsibly, yet they get the point across. Also, there is a connection between the companions of each character. Holdens closest friend is his younger sister Phoebe, while Hucks adventure is centered around the slave Jim. Slaves of that period were treated at worst as animals, and at best simple children. Jim and Phoebe were on the same level for they were there for support, and could differentiate right from wrong, but they didnt know enough to fully understand what Huck and Holden were mentally going through. Huck Finn is living the life of an average teenager until he finds himself helping the slave, Jim escape from his master. These actions go against  everything Huck has been taught so far, and is also against the law. Huck is in a tricky predicament where he has to decide whether or not to go through with helping Jim escape or to turn him in. This forces a reflection of his morals and an evaluation of Hucks conscience. In the end, Huck decides to follow his heart by not turning Jim in. This shows great loyalty, and maturity on Hucks part to go against the law by doing what he knew was right. Holden Caulfield was deeply, emotionally scarred from the death of his brother Allie, which obviously affects his decision making skills. He falls into a deep depression where he doesnt seem to care that he failed out of four different schools. Holden lies incessantly yet he says that he hates phonies. He sees all the faults in other people without realizing his own imperfections. By the time he comes to the realization that he isnt as perfect as he would have thought, it is too late and he is institutionalized. Although he was sent to an institution, just before he understood that he could not prevent children from growing up, and that he himself needed to mature. Holdens journey didnt end as idealy as he may have hoped, but at least he finally recognized the need to get over Allies death and move on with his life. Huck was able to figure out for himself as Holden did the need for maturity in society. Huck exhibited an excellent example of selflessness in this story, therefore he successfully overcame one of lifes toughest obstacles. Each character had a personal battle they needed to surmount, and both Holden and Huck triumphed. The two characters also have many differences in their actions and lifestyles. Holden is more restricted in his reactions to certain situations. He is not very sure of himself, nor is he brave. Huck on the other hand, is not afraid to take initiative, like when he ran away from home with Jim. Holden was too afraid to leave, he only thought about going away to New Hampshire, or out West.

State Vs. Shoemaker :: essays research papers

State of Kansas, Appelle, vs. Joe Shoemaker, Appellant The 1980 Kansas State Supreme Court case of State of Kansas, Appelle, v. Joe Shoemake, Appellant, the defendant, Joe Shoemake, was charged with three counts of aggravated robbery of three persons and two counts of felony theft involving two automobiles. In New York State that would be considered as follows: 160.10, Robbery in the second degree, would be classified as; A person is guilty of robbery in the second degree when he forcibly steals property and when: 1. He is aided by another person actually present; or 2. In the course of the commission of the crime or of immediate flight therefrom, he or another participant in the crime: (a) Causes physical injury to any person who is not a participant in the crime; or (b) Displays what appears to be a pistol, revolver, rifle, shotgun, machine gun or other firearm; or 3. The property consists of a motor vehicle, as defined in section one hundred twenty-five of the vehicle and traffic law. Robbery in the second degree is a class C felony. 165.08  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unauthorized use of a vehicle in the first degree. A person is guilty of unauthorized use of a vehicle in the first degree when knowing that he does not have the consent of the owner, he takes, operates, exercises control over, rides in or otherwise uses a vehicle with the intent to use the same in the course of or the commission of a class A, class B, class C or class D felony or in the immediate flight therefrom. A person who engages in any such conduct without the consent of the owner is presumed to know that he does not have such consent. On the night of August 21, 1979, in Kansas City, Missouri, a 1972 Ford Torino, color yellow, was stolen from a residence. Four nights later, August 25, 1979, a second car, a green, 1972 Ford Torino was stolen from a parking lot in Wyandotte County, Missouri. At around 7:00p.m., on the night of August 25, 1979, John Lucas was seen by an employee working at Nigro’s Supermarket, driving a yellow Ford Torino through the parking lot of the store. Shortly after that, Lucas was seen in the green Torino, sitting in front of the supermarket. Moments later, Lucas proceeded to enter the supermarket, approach the manager, brandish a pistol, and demand money from him.

New Technologies Essay

Public relations is the management function which evaluates public attitudes, identifies the policies and procedures of an individual or an organisation with the public interest, and plans and executes a program of action to earn public understanding and acceptance. Public relations is the management function that identifies, establishes, and maintains mutually beneficial relationships between an organisation and the various publics on whom its success or failure depends. Cutlip Scott et al. Effective Public Relations, Prentice Hall 2000 Public Relations is about reputation – the result of what you do, what you say and what others say about you. Public relations practice is the discipline which looks after reputation – with the aim of earning understanding and support, and influencing opinion and behaviour. It is planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain goodwill and mutual understanding between organisations and its publics. Harrison Shirley, Public Relations – An introduction, Thomson Learning 2000 Public relations practice is the planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain goodwill and mutual understanding between an organisation and its publics. Jenkins Frank, Public Relations Techniques, Butterworth Heinemann 2nd edition Public relations consists of all forms of planned communication, outwards and inwards, between an organisation and its publics for the purpose of achieving specific objectives concerning mutual understanding. Jenkins Frank, Public Relations, Pitman 5th edition Comparison of the characteristics of advertising and public relationsUse of media Purchase media space Normally relies on or time gaining media coverage Degree of control over Relatively tight control Relatively little if any the message over the content and control over content and timing of the message timing of the message Message credibility Normally low credibility Normally relatively high credibility Types of target audience Relatively narrow target Often aimed at a audience usually market relatively broad range related of publics/audiences Focus of the activity Relatively short-term Situation oriented Expected time horizons Market/sales oriented Both short and long term for planning and results objectives and impact. objectives and impact. Forms of evaluation Established measurement Relatively limited number Techniques for coverage of evaluation techniques and cost efficiency used, often confined to measures of media coverage Mode of payment for Agencies receive payment Agencies paid on the agency services in the form of commission basis of fees for from the media based on consultant’s time or by the space or time booked annual retainer for the client Black Sam, Public Relation: revision workbook, HTL publications 1992 pg8 Comparison of propaganda and public relations Sender Varying degrees of source Clear identification of the Identification sender Purpose To build a movement or To achieve consent or a following develop dialogue Message One sided, varying degrees May moderate between of accuracy arguments accuracy important Media Similar media may be used in both cases Receiver Similar audiences may be targeted in both cases Black Sam, Public Relation: revision workbook, HTL publications 1992 pg9 â€Å"New Technologies are drastically changing the whole business of Public Relations† Mobile phones, video recorders, DVD players PCs etc, technology that began as business-to-business has steadily developed for use in the home, in the business market, technology is primarily a productivity tool, but in the home it is much more leisure or entertainment, competing for attention against TV or the cinema. Technology is the technical means people use to improve their surroundings. It is also knowledge of using tools and machines to do tasks efficiently. We use technology to control the world in which we live. Technology is people using knowledge, tools, and systems to make their lives easier and better. People use technology to improve their ability to do work. Through technology, people communicate better. Technology allows them to make more and better products. Our buildings are better with the use of technology. We travel in more comfort and speed because of technology. Yes, technology is everywhere and can make life better.www. ask. com According to most of the articles in the reference list, and the interview with Dan Pinch (consultant at PR agency Weber Shandwick), the biggest impact for the world of public relations in the last five years is most certainly the internet. It has overcome time-zone problems in communicating with clients in the United States as well as the Eastern European countries, and it has so much to offer in speed, quality and communication. Along with various interactive software packages (appendix (ii)) that make it easier for consultants to do their job efficiently and swifter than before. Understanding the unique properties of the internet: *it provides a unique medium in which communities and groups can form, reform, transform and dissolve. *It is relatively inexpensive, *users can be anonymous or have different online personality and act differently as a result, *it recognises no geographic boundaries, *once a message is out, the sender loses control, and *there are already many more internet than non-internet channels for communication. â€Å"It is clear that the internet has and is continuing to change the communication model or paradigm. It is changing the very nature of the relationship between an organisation and its publics in terms of process, content, location, speed and power. † The Public Relations e-Commission www. icas. co. uk e-PR @ ICAS, internet information The internet has created new tools and changed objectives; an altered geography of web sites, newsgroups, usenets, chat rooms, and mailing lists, and a revised lexicon with terms like rogue web sites, metatabs, text-crawlers, reciprocal linking, hyper-text-perts, and search engine placement; the names can make the internet sound very complex, however it is a useful communication tool. With information travelling at the velocity of light, communicators discover fresh ways to deliver and monitor news that keeps them two steps ahead of the media and the competition. Do you want to know if your client or company will be front-page news before the scoop is even in print? No problem! With the emergence of new methods of monitoring media, you can be notified before the news hits the stands or makes the airwaves; today public relations practitioners are receiving ‘real-time’ news-breaks. Public relations consultants can distribute information or look at reports of media placements in literally seconds than wait a week or two. Which system to use depends on the user’s needs, budget and equipment available for collecting or broadcasting data; the more exclusive and appropriate the information sent or received, the more expensive it is. Service companies are constantly coming up with new programs and applications to help public relations practitioners reach the media. Clipping services have upgraded their offerings with daily fax delivery and on-line media monitoring to match the client’s clip profile. Source: Public Relations Society of America, Technology transforms media relations work. Public Relations Journal, Nov 1993 v49 n11 p34(1) News distribution companies allow PR agencies to get vital information to the press on a large scale in a short time. Traditionally an agency would have to do their press release, put them in envelopes, and mail them out to all journalists. With news distribution companies like Pr Newswire, Pimms, Expedite all you do is e-mail them the release with a list of contacts and they will e-mail, fax, or post the information out. Pr Newswire also has capabilities of putting information onto a newswire service which can be accessed by large broadcast and press agencies. Contact Management Software are programmes supplied by companies like Media Disk and PR Newswire, they are large databases containing numerous names of journalists, together with respective publications; the systems should be continuously updated to keep data current. These systems allow users to build mailing lists for effective targeting and distribution of messages. Technology has changed many aspects (from speed of receiving documents via e-mail, to message boards and chat rooms where rumours can be heard of first etc. ) in the world of Public Relations. However, the areas in which it has not changed much is the talking to journalists, PR consultants still have to use the phone a great deal and face-to-face communication will always remain an important way of conducting business; clearly shown with the latest British Airways advertisement, with the strap line ‘It’s better to be there’. The advertisement shows that the use of technology is all well and good however making the effort to go and see the client is even better! (appendix (v)). According to Dan Pinch ‘Human contact of the actual daily job will always stay the same, Public Relations is all about human contact; that will never go away’. â€Å"Public relations whether it is offline is and always will be about human relationships! † The Public Relations e-Commission www. icas. co. uk e-PR @ ICAS, internet information To keep with the times it would be obvious to assume that many of the PR firms are or should be using a combination of easy data access and delivery technology to maintain their client base. Clipping services, news wires and informational databases have upgraded their offerings to supply their clientele with information releases. The functions of Public Relations can now be helped along with today’s technology, the creation of publicity for products and services can be done in numerous ways, from the internet to placement in films. Opinion forming on a particular issue can be dealt with by posting an article on the internet and getting feedback from the public. The ability to download photographs from the internet can help media relations. The use of television, cinema, radio, and internet can help with business sponsorship; getting more coverage in a variety of ways. PR on the Internet also includes a new set of assumptions, with response speeds measured in seconds, not hours, and a â€Å"through the looking glass† distortion that can make a single person on an Internet newsgroup more potent than the entire public relations department of a major corporation. â€Å"Nobody is small on the Web,† says Alan Wallace, a principal at Santa Monica-based Inter Active Agency, a brash, two-year-old firm dedicated to the proposition that PR agencies not already on the Internet are already out of business. Source: Richard Rapaport, PR finds a cool new tool. Forbes, Oct 6, 1997 v160 n7 pS100(6) The internet has clearly made the workload easier to handle for PR firms, however there is also a negative aspect about this tool; there are scarier implications that surround the world of internet, such as the reality, that corporate status can be savaged as dissatisfied customers and shareholders exchange comments on the World Wide Web. It can all occur without the companies’ knowledge, if they are not monitoring, and contributing to the forum, message boards and chat rooms it can end up as a damaging mix of rumours and misrepresentation, and severe consequences can follow, as Quigley Cold-Eeze discovered (appendix (iii)). When a company faces a crisis, there has never been a more powerful or potentially more destructive tool than the internet, according to Text 100 managing director Katie Kemp: â€Å"Once it gets on the net, you lose control of it. † Source: Haymarket Publishing Ltd, PR makes its way to IT boardrooms, Marketing, May 27, 1999 p59(2) PR agencies that have the technical expertise can set up monitoring services. Edelman Technology, the high-tech sector of Edelman Public Relations Worldwide, assists the complex needs of technology corporations large and small. Staffed by IT specialists in key global markets, Edelman is among the leading industry players in the area of high-tech PR. Edelman has a system called I-Wire which monitors the internet, checking on 55,000 user groups and bulletin boards. It means that if there’s trouble, the team responsible can take action. â€Å"As technologies converge and the pace of development slows, competition for press coverage will intensify,† says Lewis. â€Å"Agencies with little knowledge of journalism and poor technical expertise will be exposed. Weak stories will fail, and so will weak agencies. â€Å"

Act of Union Essay

Assess the causes of the Act of Union of 1800, and consider the ways in which the Articles of Union themselves were intended to solve the apparent problems in Ireland’s constitutional, political and religious relationship with England. Your essay must make reference to the relevant document studied in seminar 5. There were several significant causes of the Act of Union between Great Britain and Ireland in 1800, most notably, the United Irishmen rebellion of 1798, along with the French landing at Killala in North Mayo. The United Irishmen, a radical mixed religious group, had began a campaign against British rule in Ireland in 1798. This rebellion was centered around Wexford, Wicklow and a protestant linen worker rebellion in Antrim. The rebellion was poorly organized and coordinated, and many parts of the country were left undisturbed. Although it was yet another rebellion by the Irish that was defeated, it fast forwarded the long standing idea that a political, constitutional and military union was needed between the two countries to prevent further war, or even worse, for Ireland to become a stepping stone in a French invasion of The British Isles. The worry about a French invasion starting in Ireland was compounded by a small French landing in north Mayo, that led to two battles, at Castlebar and Ballinamuck. The French landing was requested by Wolfe Tone, a protestant who was viewed as the leader of the United Irishmen. Wolfe Tone was influenced by the French and American Revolutions, and passed this influence onto the United Irishmen. The fact that the American Revolution had occurred so recently also had another major bearing on the Act of Union. the British parliament did not want to lose another colony, especially not one this close to home. This most likely would have being seen as a major weakness by the other European powers of the time. The French revolution, which promised freedom to all religions and races, and equal rights to all men would also have being seen as a threat to George III, the current monarch, who’s Coronation Oath held him to uphold and secure the Protestant faith. Article Fifth of the Act of Union combined the Church of Ireland and the Church of England into one central Protestant Episcopal Church. It also made the protestant faith the official religion of Ireland. The unity of the churches would also have bred the hope that more of the Catholic majority in Ireland would be converted. This would have being a vital cause for the union getting voted through the all protestant Irish parliament, as the protestants were outnumbered by Catholics in the general population at a ratio of 3:11. Should the Act of Union pass, they would be on the opposite side, it would be a 3:11 protestant majority. On a related topic, Robert Peel had earlier being responsible for the ending of several of the penal laws, all since the threat of war began in France. In 1793 Catholics could vote and become lawyers for the first time. He also played a part in the repeal of Poynings Law, which allowed the Irish parliament to enact its own laws without influence from London for the first time since the Norman Invasion. However, vitally, he could not hold his nerve to repeal the Penal law that stopped Catholics from holding a place in parliament and many Irish people would have thought this was the most important, as they could only vote for the entirely protestant government. Pitt had supported the Act Of Union in 1800, but had originally planned to follow it with more far reaching ideas, such as Catholic emancipation. However George III, after signing the Act of Union into law in August 1800, refused to support full Catholic emancipation on the basis that it would be contrary to his Coronation Oath. While the Act of Union was defeated the first time in the Irish parliament, it was passed on the second time of asking. Certain peerages, pensions and certain honors were offered to Irish politicians and Irish critics in return for voting for the act in the second time of asking. The first attempt to pass the law was beaten 109 votes against to 104 votes for, but, on the second time of asking in 1800, the results showed 150 for, compared to 115 against. Also, since the repeal of Poynings law, the Irish had being in charge of their own finances, and had bankrupt the country. When much the same thing had happened to Scotland in the 17th century, a Union with Britain had helped the Scottish overcome their financial difficulties. The Act of Union was intended to solve many of Irelands problems in different ways. Article first stated that Ireland and Britain would ‘be united into one Kingdom, by the Name of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland’. This essentially made Ireland a sister kingdom to Britain, with the same laws, religion and parliament. However as time showed, these sister kingdoms were not treated equally, with very little worry being given to the Great Famine of 1845-49. Although it may initially have being seen to calm some insurgency in Ireland, it was not a suitable long-term arrangement unless great measures were taken to assimilate the large Catholic majority. These measures were not taken, and Catholic Ireland still felt like it was being given the short straw without emancipation. Article Second simply stated that the continuation of the Imperial Crown ‘shall continue limited and settled in the same manner as the Succession to the Imperial Crown of the said Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland’. This was to ensure that a protestant was always going to be in power as a monarch in Great Britain, and that the new Union with Ireland would not have an influence on the process of picking a new king or queen. The third article was perhaps the most important in terms of change, as it was the article that fully combined the two parliaments into a single entity. This was the most influential article, as it caused many of the upper class representatives that Ireland would have to move out of Dublin and over to London, to be closer to political affairs. This caused a decline in the importance of Dublin as a major European city, and shifted most of the influential Irish people out of the country. It may also have lead to the idea of Absentee landlords, another thing that was seen by the Irish as a cause of the Great Famine. Article Fourth was simply involved in the representation of Ireland in the new parliament. The election of 28 Electoral Lords for life would have guaranteed a continuation of protestant ascendancy in the British House of Lords. This would not have went well with the catholic majority of Ireland as they would have zero representation in the House of Lords, which had the ability to veto any laws passed by the House of Commons. Any chance of a law hat passed a pro-Catholic law would have being immediately put down by the protestant powers in the House of Lords, so even if George III did not veto the hopes for Catholic emancipation then the House of Lords would surely have. The 8th article was a constitutional article that ensured the continuation of all laws from before the act, in both Britain and Ireland. It stated ‘That all Laws in force at the time of the Union, and all the Courts of Civil and Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction within the respective Kingdoms, shall remain as now by Law established within the same’ This was a safety mechanism to prevent any problems with the transition between separate and united kingdom’s. If this article had not being put in place then, theoretically the parliament in London would have had to enact new laws that could potentially damage the political and hostile situation in Ireland. As you can see, the Act of Union was hoped to be a permanent solution to the problems in Ireland, and planned to consolidate the British Isles under one rulership. The Articles in the Act of Union attempted to promote the protestant faith, in particular the Anglican faith, in Ireland, and in the long term hoped to transform the rebellious Catholic majority into equal citizens of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Although it was unsuccessful in the long run, it was a historic event that worked in other parts of the empire, such as Scotland.

Othello - A Brief Speach of Act 4 Scene 1.

Othello - A Brief Speach of Act 4 Scene 1. Othello - A Brief Speach of Act 4 Scene 1This presentation is about the way the event that taken place in the scene, tell us something about the characters and their relationships with one another where the power shifts.At the beginning of the play Othello is seen as a moor, an underclass or a foreigner. But still, he is one of the most powerful people in Venice. He is the general, of at that time, one of the most powerful armies in the world. He is even more powerful than Desdemona's father. Even the courts ruled in favor for the Othello to go to Cyprus and marry Desdemona.The second to power from Othello is Cassio. In the beginning of the play Othello chooses Cassio as his lieutenant, to go to Cyprus with him. During which he takes Bianca with him. Bianca and Cassio's s relationship is purely casual; there is no love involved.Illustration of Othello and IagoWhen the courts to go with Othello, to be married in Cyprus, she chooses, Emilia, Iago's wife, as her handmaiden, grant Desdem ona. Iago is also close to Othello, but above his battle expertise and his devotion to the Venetian Army, Othello chooses Cassio him, which angers Iago into stirring contentions in Othello's mind. Earlier on in the play, we see Cassio being stripped from his position as Lieutenant, then the position of a Lieutenant being given to Iago, which is all part of his master plan. This gains Othello's trust in Iago.In the times of Shakespeare, it was socially degrading for a man, to hear from another man, that his wife is cheating on him. It was wise then, that William Shakespeare included mental manipulation in Act 4 Scene 1. This is done to make the audience...

English Conversation Lesson About Movies and Actors

English Conversation Lesson About Movies and Actors People love to talk about what they have seen in the cinema. Any class  will usually be well versed in both their own native countrys films and the latest and greatest from Hollywood and elsewhere. This subject is especially useful with younger students who might be hesitant to speak about their own lives. Speaking about films provides an almost endless font of possibilities for conversation. Here are a few ideas: Aim: Promoting conversation,  especially with younger students who might be hesitant to speak about their own lives.Activity: General introduction to films, dictation and short listening exercise, followed by students discussing their answers to dictated questions.Level: Intermediate to advanced Conversation Outline About Movies and Actors Introduce the topic by asking students to name different types of film and a film they know of that represents that genre. Example: Comedy - Manhattan by Woody Alan Dictate the following questions to the students.  They need only write down their responses. What is your favorite non-Italian, German, French, etc. (you name the nationality) film?What is your favorite Italian, German, French, etc. (you name the nationality) film?Who is your favorite actor or actress?What is the worst film you have ever seen?In your opinion, who is the worst actor or actress in film today? Have students put aside their answers to the above questions. Read the short description of the film provided with this lesson (or invent a short description of a film you know that most students have seen). Ask the students to name the film. Have students divide up into small groups and discuss a film they have all seen. After they discussed the film, ask them to write a short description of the film like the one you have read to the class. Groups read their summaries aloud to the other groups which need to name the films described. You can easily turn this into a little competitive game setting the number of times the descriptions can be read aloud. Returning to the questions at the beginning of class, ask each student to choose one of the questions and answer that question explaining to the other students their reasons for choosing that film or actor/actress as the best/worst. During this part of the lesson, students should be encouraged to agree or disagree and add their own comments to the discussion at hand. As a follow-up homework task, students can write a short review of a film they have seen to be discussed during the next session. Which Film? Ask students to name this movie: This film takes place on an Italian island. An exiled, communist poet comes to the island and slowly becomes friends with a simple, local man. The film seems to be about learning which can take place between friends. During the film, the poet helps his friend persuade a beautiful young woman to become his wife by helping the man write love letters. The film follows the maturing of a young, simple man through his contact with a famous man who he admires greatly. Answer: The Postman by Massimo Troisi - Italy, 1995

100 Persuasive Speech Topics for Students

100 Persuasive Speech Topics for Students There is a small but important difference between planning a persuasive speech and writing a persuasive essay. First, if you are planning a persuasive speech, you should think about a topic that can engage your audience. For this reason, you may want to consider a few topics before settling on the one that allows you to be more descriptive and entertaining. Another important factor when picking a persuasive speech topic is to choose one that can provoke your audience. If you stir up a little emotion in your audience members, youll keep their attention. The list below is provided to help you brainstorm. Choose a topic from this list or use the list to generate an idea of your own. Studying martial arts is good for mind and health.Competitive sports can teach us about life.Reality shows are exploiting people.Community service should be required for teens.These qualities make a hero.Its important to grow things in a garden.Violent video games are dangerous.Lyrics in a song can impact our lives.Traveling and studying abroad is positive.Journal writing is therapeutic.You should spend time with grandparents.The laptop is better than the tablet.Religion and science can go hand in hand.School uniforms are good.All-girl colleges and all-boy colleges are bad.Multiple choice tests are better than essay tests.We should not spend money on space exploration.Open-book tests are as effective as closed-book tests.Security cameras keep us safer.Parents should have access to students grades.Small classes are better than big classes.You need to start saving for retirement now.Credit cards are harmful to college students.We should have a royal family.We should protect endangered animals. Texting while driving should be illegal.You can write a novel.You can go to your college of choice.State colleges are better than private colleges.Private colleges are better than state colleges.We should do away with penny coins.Fast food containers hurt the environment.Plastic straws hurt the environment.You can eat and enjoy healthy snacks.You can become a millionaire.Dogs are better pets than cats.You should own a bird.Its unethical to keep birds in cages.Liberal arts degrees prepare better workers.Hunting animals should be banned.Football is dangerous.School days should start later.Night school is better than day school.Technical training is better than a college degree.Immigration laws should be more lenient.Students should be able to pick their schools.Everyone should learn to play a musical instrument.Grass lawns should be prohibited.Sharks should be protected.We should do away with cars and go back to horse and carriage for transportation.We should use more wind power.We sho uld pay more taxes. We should do away with taxes.Teachers should be tested like students.We should not interfere in the affairs of other countries.Every student should join a club.Homeschooling is better than traditional schooling.People should stay married for life.Smoking in public should be illegal.Students should live on campus.Parents should let students fail.Giving is good.Education makes us happier people.T​he  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹death penalty is good for society.Bigfoot is real.We should increase train travel to save the environment.We should read more classic books.Fame is bad for children.Athletes should stay loyal to teams.We should reform our prisons.Juvenile offenders should not go to boot camps.Abraham Lincoln was the best president.Abraham Lincoln gets too much credit.Students should be allowed to have cell phones in elementary, middle, and high school.College student-athletes should be paid for playing.Elderly citizens on fixed incomes should receive free bus rides.Colleges and universitie s should be free to attend. All American citizens should complete one year of community service.Students should be required to take Spanish classes.Every student should be required to learn at least one foreign language.Marijuana should be legal for recreational use nationwide.Commercial testing of products on animals should no longer be allowed.Felons who have served their time in prison should be allowed to vote once they are free.The drinking age should be bumped up past 21.Replacing fossil fuels with cheaper alternative energy options should be mandated.Churches need to contribute their share of taxes.The Cuba embargo should be maintained by the U.S.America should replace income taxes with a nationwide flat tax.The Bowl Championship Series, also known as the BCS, should be replaced with a true college football playoff system.Doctor-assisted suicide should be legal.Spammers- people who bombard the internet with unsolicited email- should be banned from sending their junk mail.Every automobile driver should be required to take a new drivers test every three years. Electroshock treatment is not a humane form of therapy.Global warming is not real.Single-parent adoption should be encouraged and promoted.Gun companies should be held accountable for gun crimes.Human cloning is not moral.Religion does not belong in public education.Juveniles should not be tried as adults. American workers should be guaranteed a three-day weekend by law.

Victim Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Victim Interview - Essay Example The organization formulates policies and standards as well as provides training programs in order to encourage employers to offer effective working environments to their employees. However, the issue of health and safety in the working environment has not yet been fully achieved because many workers lack access to effective occupational health services. The interviewer is a victim of an occupational injury that has caused him to be absent at work for one week. The victim was employed last year in one of the manufacturing companies, and he has been working as an engineer. The victim was handling machines at the workplace when the accident happened. The victim reported in the morning at the 8.a.m. and started working in the engineering department with other engineers. The victim was working under pressure from the supervisor in order to finish repairing the machine since it affected the company. The company wanted the engineer to repair the machine in time to avoid causing inconveniences in terms of the organizational performance. However, the victim suddenly burnt his left hand after an hour of working because of the overheated machinery. The machine was too hot; unfortunately, the victim slipped and burnt his left arm. This is because he was working without using protective clothes such as gloves, helmets and other necessary protec tive garments for injuries. The victim revealed that many workers working in the industry including him does not have protective working clothes. The company reassured employees to be careful when they are working to avoid injuries, but they have never taken any steps of providing protective attires. The accident took place in the morning on 12th, November of this year. The victim burnt his left arm and sustained serious injury; thus, he immediately started bleeding heavily. However, the wound was treated, but it left him with a big scar. The victim spent for about two weeks in the hospital nursing the wound. The victim

Federal Laws & Segregation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Federal Laws & Segregation - Essay Example The discussion focuses on Massachusetts where land-zoning policy was crafted to improve living standards of suburban residence. Although the rule has been faulted from some quarters, its success lies on its implementation, thus, ensuring that its noble ideals are attained. Federal law and segregation Federal law is a comprehensive legislation that holds the capacity to improve the welfare of the US citizens. It was initiated with a clear mission to promote monetary and social autonomy in various states in the US (housing and planning association article, 1). However, its critics are pushing for some sections to be repealed asserting their inconsistency in serving the national interest. Federal policies have presented two major consequences that are viewed in dynamic perspectives by stakeholders in US and especially in Massachusetts. Firstly, the policies have promoted or favored investment in suburbs while neglecting central cities (Haverty & Regnante 1). The policies present relevan t incentives that are boosting construction of housing units in rural settings and creation of effective management plans that facilitate equality. Ideally, these guidelines were developed to uplift living standards in rural areas. The policies were set to empower the less privileged individuals in suburb areas. The rules equivocally encouraged monetary and political competition between the cities and rural settings that enjoyed local autonomy in terms of administration of possessions. The policies enable the locals at various states in US with reference to Massachusetts to gain absolute autonomy over land use, taxation, housing, education. However, critics of federal policies asserts that, development of distinct suburban rules, and the competition among local authorities have promoted economic segregation and suburban sprawl. The policies has created uneven operating field caused by inconsistent jurisdictional laws that have encouraged segregation in the US (housing and planning a ssociation article, 2). Although the federal policies provide noble intentions to facilitate equality in service delivery, their execution requires advancement of consistent strategies that are sustainable. This is necessary to avert possible traumatizing incidences of war, for example, civil animosity. Anti-Snob Zoning In 1969, Massachusetts authorities developed a law referred to as â€Å"Anti Snob Zoning†. The law borrowed the concept of the federal policies with an aim of regulating land usage to correct racial imbalance and help in developing affordable housing. The government adopted zoning bylaws that provided clear guidelines on land usage and construction policies (Hall730). The guidelines sought to regulate the construction styles, density, open space and building design but not to promote housing burden sharing. This was to ensure that the buildings put up conform to set standards as the construction guidelines of the city structures. This project was undertaken in the local areas of Massachusetts to uplift the lifestyle of the poor, which is a fundamental right. Clearly, the law sets up construction policies, defined zonal aspects of building and prospective beneficiaries. The designated zones include single residence, multiple, commercial and industrial residents (Hall 730). This

In line with China's economic reform, the Chinese judiciary has Essay

In line with China's economic reform, the Chinese judiciary has undergone formalization and institutionalization. What are the - Essay Example It is necessary to mention that China has experienced numerous transformations during the past two decades. An important trigger of judicial system transformation was the upheaval of China’s economics. China’s reform in the judiciary system is triggered by two main factors. The first factor is protecting China’s nation and proving to Chinese people that they are in safety; thus a social stability is guaranteed. The second factor is a market economy would experience a better development under the influence of a credible legal system. Therefore there is a strong background of judiciary system development in China. Nevertheless there are advantages and disadvantages that occurred in the result of the reform introduction. An intention of China to hold a world’s leading position enabled its people to have more contacts with the international society. As a result, a social dislocation instead of a reserved social system occurred in China (Chow, 2009). The matter of human rights is often neglected in different countries because of imperfection of a judiciary system. ... A brief overview of China's Judicial System In historical context, Chinese judicial system has experienced four main periods of changes. During the period of the Communist Party governing (1949 -1956) the main goal was to create a â€Å"socialist legal system† (Kamis, 1997). Further on, in 1954, â€Å"the Organic Law of the People's Courts of the People's Republic of China† was introduced in China. After this period, the people’s courts consisted from: â€Å"the Supreme People's Court, the higher people's courts, the intermediate people's courts, and the basic people's courts† (China’s Judicial Reform, 2001). During the next 10 years (1956 -1966) the legal system in China couldn’t develop properly due to the activities of representatives of the 'Anti-Rightist Movement' and the like organizations. The next decade (1966 – 1976) was marked by a Cultural Revolution in China and has essentially broken under the influence of the revolutionar y processes. Starting from 1979 China has experienced a rapid growth of marketing sector because of high-speed economic development. There was a gradual development of a judiciary system and different people courts were established in China. Therefore, it is clearly seen that judiciary system of China has no options for self-perfection because of historical processes in this country. Therefore there is an urgent need in the reform of judiciary system in order to ‘smooth the sharp corners’. People's courts were wide-spread at different levels and gave hearings to criminal and civil cases. The SPC and the courts of the higher level deal with various cases (both criminal and civil ones). The main role of SPC is to supervise the compliance with the

Reading Responses to a Poem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Reading Responses to a Poem - Essay Example The poem also takes a look at systems and structures of the human institution and how self made rules and principles made by humans are expected to be adhered to without fail. There are specific elements of literature that the writer used to bring out the nature of the poem better and these elements are discussed below. Form The form of a poem is supposed to give a generalized structure about the poem. It is supposed to show the poem is organized and the manner in which a reader is expected to carry out the reading pulses (Gabrielle, 2009). In this very regard, a lot can be said about the poem, â€Å"I’m Nobody! Who are you?† first, it is seen that the poem is written in just two stanzas. The response I had from this was the writer’s ability to lay his intensions and thoughts clear in a very brief manner. As the African proverb goes, if a medicine will save you, you only need a pill of it. The writer therefore conveyed all her message clearly in only two stanzas. Within the two stanzas, there are spreads of loose iambic trimester with a number of fourth stresses. This gives the poem ABCB rhyme scheme. Some kind of fall out from the norm was however noted with the ABCB rhyme scheme. ... In â€Å"I’m Nobody! Who are you?†, the writer chooses the concept of human relationship and talks on the theme of essence in humble social status. The writer tactfully expresses her opinion on the need for a person to live in quite humility rather than open pride. The writer employs the terms â€Å"no body† and â€Å"somebody† to show the differences between two people; one of who are regarded as poor and having nothing. To this people, the writer appreciates their position as an enviable one because it is free from public pressure. She however subjects the high class in society to the need to think carefully about the responsibilities that their status in life brings to them. In essence, the writer is advising all people to live in humility rather than wanting to be the topic of social discussion and yet having a lot of herculean responsibilities that they may eventually find as stressful. The response I had from the theme was very striking and left me t hinking about how important it is for me to appreciate what I have as a person. Language One of the only ways the writer could make her poem meaningful despite the fact that there were only few stanzas was to use thought provoking and highly insightful language and this is exactly what the writer of â€Å"I’m Nobody! Who are you?† did (Gabrielle, 2009). This notwithstanding, the writer was able to make the content of the poem highly understandable. The understanding of the poem was first vested in the title of the poem, which was more or less a summation of the theme of the poem, asking that â€Å"I’m nobody! Who are you?† Subsequent to this title, the writer uses language that further justifies

Death of a Salesman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Death of a Salesman - Essay Example Plot The plays shows that Willy Loman has just returned back home and is quite exhausted due to cancellation of a business trip. Being concerned about Loman’s mental disturbances due to a car crash, his wife advises him to inform his boss that he would work in his home city in order to avoid travelling. Loman informs about his concern to his wife regarding their son as he was not doing well in his life as he had failed to pass the math test during his senior year and did not participate in collegiate level of education. Happy is the second son of Loman and in the play he discusses and recalls his childhood life with his brother. They exchange ides about the depleting state of their father’s cognitive health as he had a habit of conversing with himself. On the other hand, Loman is quite angry with his sons because both of them have failed to achieve success in life. At the moment, the sons reveal that Biff had a business plan in mind just to calm their father down. The v ery next day, Loman approaches his boss asking to work within the home town and Biff proposes his business plan, but both of them fail in their jobs. Loman looses his job as his boss deems him as unfit to work and be a representative of the company. On the other hand, Biff waited for long hours to meet his previous boss, but his boss doesn’t recognize him and asks him to leave. Out of anger, Biff steals a fountain pen from his prior boss. On the other hand Loman meets his colleague, Charles whose son, Bernard has developed into a successful lawyer. Bernard informs Loman that during summer session of school, Biff was quite positive about him and wanted to do something worth while in his life but due to certain events in Boston, he decided otherwise. S Next both the sons and father meet up for dinner where Loman looses his temper and recalls the moment when Biff had come to meet his father and found that his father was with another women in a hotel room and since that day, Biff and his father started departing from each other. Biff and Happy both exit the restaurant leaving their father alone in the restaurant. When they returned back home, their mother scolds them for dumping their father and Loman sits outside while he converses with himself. Later Biff tries to make things better between him and his father but this leads to another heated conversation between both of them where Biff states that he is worthless and he is similar to an ordinary human being and both the father and the son have same characteristics. The scene ends where Biff consoles to his father that he loves him and informs his father that he should not expect something extra ordinary from him. After this event Willy realizes that Biff has forgiven his wrongdoings and would now try to become a businessman and to finance Biff, Loman kills himself so his son can obtain finances form insurance company. But Biff continues not to pursue business, while Happy decides to fulfill his fatherâ₠¬â„¢s dreams. Character Analysis The four main characters of the play includes: Willy Loman, his wife Linda Loman, his sons, Biff and Happy Loman. Willy Loman is a salesman and is 60 years old, he lives in the past and he is represents the attitude of a child. His childish attitude is supported with his first name Willy which might appear like a question of â€Å"Will He?† His second name represents his low life character who can not gain success in his life. Linda is quite an intelligent and a supportive character and wants his children to support each other in

Assignment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assignment 3 - Essay Example The event I am proposing to be given a chance to organize will be intended at raising funds to be used in covering the costs of the medical examination of 250 high school athletes from Megan High School. In order to organize a successful event, our agency will need to get word out about an upcoming event. The best way to publicize an event is to advertise. I will, therefore, start by preparing a press release we intend to send to newsrooms hopefully to be published or to be used in writing an article. Then I will prepare a video commercial to be used in advertising on television or on the internet. Finally, I will prepare a full page print ad that will be put out in newspapers and magazines (Tucker, 1997, p. 56). There is a growing need for funds to be raised in support for athletes in high school due to the fact that the cost of running the athletic department at the school has increased. This is even more necessary considering the number of programs in the athletics department. Our agency proposes the following press release to be used for advertising the event. I have also included a one-page print ad that we propose to use in publicizing the event. Section  II. ... During the event, invited guests will be shown a video of the last Sports Day held at the school in order to exhibit the various talents that students at Megan High School have. Some of the sporting events that will be showcased include tennis, basketball, volleyball, hockey, and badminton. The main event of the evening will be a car raffle which will be sold at one hundred dollars each. These raffle tickets will be sold to willing business associations, sports clubs and persons taking part in the fundraising event. Our target for this fundraising will be to raise a minimum of 100 dollars per student. In the event that we raise more than the required amount, we intend to put the rest of the funds into good use such as the maintenance of sports programs at the school, improvement of sports facilities, and sponsoring of medical examinations for more students next academic year. Robert Kelly, Chairman of Tennis Federation said, â€Å"The fundraising event at Megan High School is very i mportant as it highlights the importance of sports in the lives of students. It also gives an opportunity for those students who wish to pursue sports in college but are short of funds an opportunity to start the application process.† The newly appointed Chairlady of the club Maggi’s also said "We are excited that Save the Children has agreed to conduct this sports fundraiser. Megan High School Booster Club has been a strong supporter of nurturing sports talent in the young ones. This event will go a long way in impacting the lives of our young athletes." To register for this event, contact Mercy at (44) 875-9272. Section III. Print Ad We, as Megan High School Booster Club, a local civic organization, plan a fundraising event aimed at

Death of a Salesman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Death of a Salesman - Essay Example Plot The plays shows that Willy Loman has just returned back home and is quite exhausted due to cancellation of a business trip. Being concerned about Loman’s mental disturbances due to a car crash, his wife advises him to inform his boss that he would work in his home city in order to avoid travelling. Loman informs about his concern to his wife regarding their son as he was not doing well in his life as he had failed to pass the math test during his senior year and did not participate in collegiate level of education. Happy is the second son of Loman and in the play he discusses and recalls his childhood life with his brother. They exchange ides about the depleting state of their father’s cognitive health as he had a habit of conversing with himself. On the other hand, Loman is quite angry with his sons because both of them have failed to achieve success in life. At the moment, the sons reveal that Biff had a business plan in mind just to calm their father down. The v ery next day, Loman approaches his boss asking to work within the home town and Biff proposes his business plan, but both of them fail in their jobs. Loman looses his job as his boss deems him as unfit to work and be a representative of the company. On the other hand, Biff waited for long hours to meet his previous boss, but his boss doesn’t recognize him and asks him to leave. Out of anger, Biff steals a fountain pen from his prior boss. On the other hand Loman meets his colleague, Charles whose son, Bernard has developed into a successful lawyer. Bernard informs Loman that during summer session of school, Biff was quite positive about him and wanted to do something worth while in his life but due to certain events in Boston, he decided otherwise. S Next both the sons and father meet up for dinner where Loman looses his temper and recalls the moment when Biff had come to meet his father and found that his father was with another women in a hotel room and since that day, Biff and his father started departing from each other. Biff and Happy both exit the restaurant leaving their father alone in the restaurant. When they returned back home, their mother scolds them for dumping their father and Loman sits outside while he converses with himself. Later Biff tries to make things better between him and his father but this leads to another heated conversation between both of them where Biff states that he is worthless and he is similar to an ordinary human being and both the father and the son have same characteristics. The scene ends where Biff consoles to his father that he loves him and informs his father that he should not expect something extra ordinary from him. After this event Willy realizes that Biff has forgiven his wrongdoings and would now try to become a businessman and to finance Biff, Loman kills himself so his son can obtain finances form insurance company. But Biff continues not to pursue business, while Happy decides to fulfill his fatherâ₠¬â„¢s dreams. Character Analysis The four main characters of the play includes: Willy Loman, his wife Linda Loman, his sons, Biff and Happy Loman. Willy Loman is a salesman and is 60 years old, he lives in the past and he is represents the attitude of a child. His childish attitude is supported with his first name Willy which might appear like a question of â€Å"Will He?† His second name represents his low life character who can not gain success in his life. Linda is quite an intelligent and a supportive character and wants his children to support each other in

Tip Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tip - Assignment Example The practice has become a common thing to diners, waiters and other customer servers and customers, alike. Yet there are different reactions to it that it is interesting to note and learn from what people think about the matter. For the receiver of the tip, it is always a welcomed blessing for them to be given a tip for whatever service they have given. To some, it is considered a just compensation for what they did because whether they work well or not, their salary is often low. Thus, better performances are compensated through tips. However, there are also some who look at customers demandingly, thinking that it is but right for customers to give them tips because of the little favors they have done expecting to be paid in return. Still for others, tips can become a motivation for them to do even better in giving services. This brings problems to the attitude of employees towards customers. Sometimes, workers tend to do better when they serve potential clients whom they think would be benevolent enough to give more money but they would not give their best efforts in serving ordinary people. This brings problems that make customers feel discriminated and unsatisfied which in general affects the waiters, r eceptionists and other employees in being perceived negatively. On the other hand, the givers also have different reactions to tips. Some people think about it as a form of begging because they perceive tipping as a forced additional payment that they are obliged to give to the people who served them. Oftentimes, such reactions come from the similarly hard-working people who are not paid very well. However, there are also those who give tips grudgingly considering that they worked harder than the people who served them therefore, they are more entitled to the money than the one who served them. There is the perception that such employees are paid by their employers so they should not give more money to

Association football and soccer Essay Example for Free

Association football and soccer Essay In this soccer essay we will discuss soccer. Soccer (also called football) is the most popular kind of sports in the world. It is more than 2000 years old. Other sources say it is more than 3000 years old. The earliest forms of soccer existed in 1004 B.C. in Japan and in 50 B.C.in China. Japanese kicked a small round ball. Chinese filled heir leather ball with hair. It is known that Romans played a game that was similar to soccer. However, English Kings and Queens did not favor the game. In the UK, it was forbidden for many centuries until the beginning of the 19th century. Soccer essayIn such articles as this one, you must offer all basic information about the subject, explain the rules if it is a game and look back into history of the subject. However, it is not enough to write a good paper. You need to know the rules of writing such papers. Our online service can help you with your writing and provide you with essays of the highest quality. Like every game, soccer has rules. Now, in the soccer essay, we will discuss the rules. The game is played by two teams in a big field covered with grass. Each team consists of eleven players. Their object is to score the ball into the opponent’s goal. The rules are not difficult. The main rule states that it is forbidden to touch the ball with hands or arms (only the goalie can do it, he defends the goal). Also, players of different teams must not push or hit each other. The game is judged by the referee. There are goals at the opposite ends of the soccer field. The field has a goal box and a penalty box. Soccer players’ uniform consists of team jersey, shorts, socks, cleats, and shin guards. Every team has uniforms of different colors. Usually, the colors represent the country they play for. The World Cup is the most famous soccer championship. It is held every four years. Teams from many countries of the world compete with each other, and millions of people around the world watch the game on television at that time. It is a very competitive kind of sports that is why it is interesting to watch it. Soccer is popular with children as well. Boys around the world play soccer at  their free time. This game is healthy because it involves much running. Nonetheless, it causes traumas sometimes. Soccer has simple rules; however, it is a difficult game. It is a highly strategic game that requires logical thinking, quick reaction and endurance as it is necessary to run without a rest for a long time. Players have different roles in the team. There are forwards who attack and score goals. There are defenders who help to defend the goal. The goalkeeper can touch the ball inside the goalie’s box. In this soccer essay, we discussed the game of soccer, presented basic information about it and explained its rules. Also, we considered the history of this most popular game in the world.

Consumer Attitudes and Behavior Towards Ikea

Consumer Attitudes and Behavior Towards Ikea 1. Introduction: IKEA is one of the main home furnishing chains in the world and especially in Malaysia. As IKEA originated in Sweden and have a strong position here it is motivating to study the consumers attitudes toward the company in Kualalumpur, Malaysia. IKEA companies have information about their customers opinions, attitudes and behavior .They will have the greater effect in comparison to their competitors. To analyze the attitudes to IKEA I prepared a questionnaire in Kualalumpur. The respondents are chosen randomly between Iranian people, after an overview the paper designed the methodology part, its describes how the proses have been done. The chapter explains the hypothetical framework, which absolutely contracts with attitudes. In the analysis chapter each question in the questionnaire is offered and explained separately. The study is then used to make decisions. Some of the decisions ended were: Ikeas main target group is well-represented customers nowadays. IKEA have very strong position in the home furnishing market. The price and product kind is the key reasons for purchasing at IKEA . A Better Everyday Life Organization: VISION: Ikeas vision is to create attractively home furnishings to a great customer segment, if you noticed to other main furniture stores; good design is offered only for a small part of the people who can have enough money. It means that IKEA have to answer to the home furnishing requirements of people all over the World Ikeas strategy: People have different needs and wants, ideas, aims; all these people need to design their home and provide a beautiful environment in which to enjoy. In selection a better everyday life, IKEA suggestions an extensive choice of home furnishings in IKEA stores. IKEA is well branded worldwide. Their product variety (18 000 products) is almost similar in All countries. This indicates that IKEA have a global product strategy that is extremely standardized. Ikeas marketing concept is Low price with meaning. When introduction of IKEA in Porters 3 Basic Strategies, IKEA enter by directing on low prices. The main target group is young families who build up their first home. But all customers who think through price as an important argument when purchasing home furnishings are an important target group. Consumers within the organization feel to clearly knowing the I Keas purpose. It is also important that they need a strong sense of fitting. The characteristics of the company must spring from the own origins. IKEA have undoubtedly been able to use their origins. 1.2. History 1943 the creator of IKEA, Ingvar Kamprad, records the name IKEA. 1950 was the first time furnitures go into the IKEA product collection. In 1951 the first IKEA list was issued. First furniture showroom was opened in 1953 in Älmhult, Sweden. 1955 was the year IKEA brings into being to design its own furniture. The first IKEA store opens in Älmhult, Sweden in 1958. In 1963 IKEA opens a store in Norway. The store in Stockholm, inspired by the Guggenheim Museum in New York, opens in 1965. 3.Vision: Was self-service, open warehouse would help customers cut down on Waiting time. 1969-1996 Stores were opened in: Denmark, Germany, Australia, Canada, Austria, Singapore, Netherlands, the Canary Islands, France, Iceland, Saudi Arabia, Belgium, Kuwait, USA, UK, Hong Kong, Italy, Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, the United Arab Emirates, Mallorca, Slovakia, Taiwan, Finland, Malaysia and Spain. 1.4. The purpose: Is that the home furnishings are associating good design, good purpose and good quality with low prices so that as many people as possible can pay for them. IKEA sold their World Wide Living Room Web Site on the Internet. In 1998 the first IKEA store was opened in mainland China. Literature review: Analysing consumer behaviour is perceived as cornerstone of a successful marketing strategy (Papers4you.com, 2006). Consumer behaviour is the mental and emotional processes and the observable behaviour of consumers during searching purchasing and post consumption of a product and service (Batra Kazmi, 2004). Similarly Engel (et al, 1990) refers consumer behaviour as the action and decision process of people who purchase goods and services for personal consumption. WHAT IS CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR? It is necessary to understand consumer behavior; this is based on the activities leading to the acquisition and use of goods or services, including decision-making processes that determine a purchase. In this process the consumer performs actions such as search, purchase, use and evaluation of products expected to be used to meet their needs (Solomon Michael, 2007). The activities, processes and social relations to which reference has been made include various actions of the consumer: knowledge of a need, when you make a comparison between stores, the simple reasoning of information that are available in regard to the benefits and risks of the desired product, or seek advice from a friend about a new product. The purchase of a product includes experiences such as mental and physical stimulation, social changes, the more status and power. (Kollat David). Attitude has a significant effect on purchasing a brand and choosing the place for shopping, moreover new products emerge in the market or exiting products future demand can be predicated by measuring consumers attitude.(Blackwell et al,2001). Method Approach The ways to pay attention to different situations vary due to several factors. There are numerous different methods of looking at the same phenomenon. My perception of this paper is mostly unbiased by the facts that I am a business Management student with put emphasis on marketing and I have a great attention in internal design. People have different methods to set situations due to attitude to behavior and individual norms. Past experiences and demographics also create a difference in approach. In making I have tried to be as unbiased as possible when studying collected material. It is important to mention that it is difficult to be one hundred percent neutral and without bias. What is understood depends on who understands it and what is to be understood. 3.2 Method: As we know market research is only one type of marketing research. The resolution is to make the study standardized. This is able by giving the same Questions and answer to all respondents. There is no warranty that the information collected from the questionnaire is relevant to the case recognition. I have selected to use very short questions to insure that they would be easy to Understand and to decrease the risk of misunderstanding. When dealing with short questions the Respondents have to think noticeably and ignore redundant parts. The information I needed was collected by using a quantitative method and questionnaire. After gaining the information, I used SPSS statistic 17.0 for analyze my data. 3.3 The questionnaire: One of the most important points in this plan has been designing the questionnaire. I have chosen to use short question that would be easy to understand. The price of creating a questionnaire is half of what a phone discussion costs and a tenth of the cost of an individual interview33 I have chosen close questions because I want to consider the population in general terms. It makes it easier to create a general picture of the respondents opinions I designed 6 questions for 50 respondents 3.4 Conformation of population: The population in my case is IKEAs Iranian customers in Kuala Lumpur. It is hard to find out, how many Iranian customers of IKEA has in Kuala Lumpur, and then it is quite unmanageable to know how many times each customer visit to the store. 3.5 Method of selection: I chose to use the non-probability selection (quota selection). This method is versus the random sample. The sub-group that I have been selected is: Age Average income Educational level Gender Theory 4.1 Consumer Behavior: Consumer behavior is one of the main parts in marketing; there are many different ideas about it. The basic principal of marketing are needs and wants, these two factors make the process of buying decision. One of the most popular theories is the Consumer Decision. My study emphases on the attitudes and behavior before the buy, what defines the buy and not the actual buy? Companies succeed if and when considerate what consumers want. This of course makes them very interested in how to effect on consumer behavior. The process of the buy is as important. Consumer behavior is included to: Consumer expectation, store image, needs, wants, culture, age, education, income level. 4.2 Marketing Mix: The marketing mix is the base of marketing tools a company practices to chase its marketing Goals in the target market. The most popular way to consider the marketing mix is over the eyes of the supplier. The 4Ps: Product, Price, Place and Promotion. When considering the marketing mix from the buyers opinion you catch the4Cs: Customer needs and wants, Cost to the customer, Convenience and Communication. The companies that can meet the 4Cs will be winners. By a multifaceted contact between the individual and environmental factors and the marketing mix the consumer estimate the stimuli. When taking done the process the consumers have got a conclusion about the product or service. If the decision is positive it does not mean that the consumer really will purchase the product or service. It is one thing to consider about doing something. Truly doing it is a much bigger stage. Attitudes designed directly are showed to be steadier than indirect formed attitudes like questionnaires. Finally it is meaning that defines what behavior the consumer will selected there are many factors that control the consumer behavior process. Many of these are fairly difficult to influence for a marketer. They have to focus more on the factors they can affect. The most vital factor one can use to influence is perception. The motivation that information gives is there for the factor that initiates the process that tends to the consumers decision. 4.3 Buying behavior: There are many main aspects that effect on a consumers purchasing behavior: Culture Social Personal Psychological Depending on the kind of product a buyer wants to purchase the buying behavior differs. Costly, complex products that a customer does not purchase often calls for high involvement decisions. The customer looks for information about the Low involvement decisions or unchanging problem resolving follow a somewhat different purchasing design. The consumer knows what he/she want and do not gauge different changes IKEA emphases a lot on trying to impact customers when the turn through the store. This is ended by setting products with very competitive prices at tactical spaces in the store 4.4 Attitudes: This cause is one of the most motivating and vital factors for marketers. Attitudes to a company make a company image. Therefore, a strong company image offers good business. The Attitude is often supposed to reproduce a persons deep values; it means that the attitudes are used as an evaluative tool. We weigh products, people, and events and so forth by using our involvements and attitudes the first parts of the consumer behavior process is the base that leads to the consumers final decision-making. So one realizes why it is of importance for the companies to study about the consumers attitudes.    5. Survey In the text below I will consider each question in questionnaire separately to evaluate the Respondents answers. The questionnaire is bounded in the end of this paper. 5.1 Demographic Variables: To conclusion and analyze the respondents attitudes one need to select related Demographic variables. I have therefor used age, income and geographic area, And gender as variables, I follow them to be related and exciting in my study. The demographic variable was offered first in the questionnaire. 5.1.1 Gender: The consumer behavior and attitudes vary among the sexes. Usually women have a more attention to home furnishing compare to men. In my survey 40 percent of the respondents were men and 60 percent women. It is a good proportion . 5.1.2 Acceptation: The buying behavior and attitudes differ between the occupations. In my survey students were in majority compare to others. Student Dr. Secretory lecturer house hold 60% 8% 4% 4% 24% Obviously, international students have limited budget for buy, especially furniture. 5.1.3 Age: The respondents age, always, impact what kind of home furnishing they need. Young people are launching their first home 0-15 16-30 31-40 41-5 4% 24% 48% 24% Age 31-40 is over-represented and 0-15 is under re -presented .0-15 years old do not have their own money to buy. The most important target group for IKEA among Iranian is 31-40 years old. 5.1.4 Marriage: In my survey, 28% of respondents were single, 72% were married. This is a good proportion. People who married, they are more interesting to furnish the house compare to singles. Single married 28% 72% Number of children: 0 1 2 3 40% 12% 20% 12% 6. SURVEY QUESTION 6.1 QUESTION ONE: I am in IKEA (timely/y) 1-2 3-5 56% 44 There is no any reason for other times; it means respondents never go to IKEA more than 5 times a year. According to analysis 56% of respondents go to IKEA1-2 times a year. 6.2 QUESTION TWO: What the respondents have bought at IKEA during the past five years? Bed couch kitchen bookshelf kitchen appliances 36% 24% 12% 16% 12% 6.3 QUESTION THREE AND FOUR: According of IKEAs position in the market, the question is: Where they buy most of their furniture? Which company has the best quality? 100 percent of respondents answered were (IKEA), IKEAs strategic plan (high quality, low price, good service) is making the consumers loyal to company and it seems that the IKEA is successful. 6.4 QUESTION FIVE: I wanted to know how different aspect of IKEA was graded (1-5) Product quality: Very good Good Ok Not so good 40% 28% 28% 4% Product quality compared to price: Very good Good Ok Not so good 56% 36% 8% 0% The store location: Very good Good Ok Not so good 8% 8% 36% 44% Disposition of the store: Very good Good Ok Not so good 12% 40% 48% 0% Service: Very good Good Ok Not so good 48% 40% 12% 0% Payment method: Very good good ok not so good 20% 68% 12% 0% 7. RECOMMENDATION: According to result of survey: 100% of respondents chose IKEA for satisfying their needs of furniture instead of LUZINI, EMPIRE, and HOMES HARMONY. IKEAs target market could be women (60%),student(60%), between age31-40(48%), married(72%), who visit IKEA 1-2 times a year(56%),they bought bed(36%)and couch (24%). Respondents believes that IKEAs product quality compare to price, is very good (56%) and good (36%). IKEA location for (44%) is not so good and for (36%) is ok. IKEAs service for (48%) is very good and for (40%) is good. Around (68%) of respondents are satisfy about payment system. IKEAs furniture is more familiar between Iranian who is resident in Malaysia. Majority of respondents are satisfy about price and quality of IKEAs furniture because they are student and have a limited budget for purchasing household items. As Iranians are influenced by peer group, they are not looking for other brands such as LUZINI, HOMES HARMONYà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The other reason that IKEAs furniture is well-known between Iranian is excellent IKEAs advertising. Price, quality, advertising, innovation in producing new product, are the basic points to attract positive attitude toward IKEAs furniture. IKEA adopted its products to global market. 8. Conclusion In this part, it is obvious that many of Iranian people know very well IKEA products and also they included to middle consumer income group. Understanding, what different consumers purchase is the basic information and very interesting for IKEA. IKEA, recently has improved the rang of its products, especially in terms of furniture with approximately the same price. The majority of IKEAs consumers between Iranian are student with limited budget. I think Iranian people who staying in kualalumpur, are not familiar with another brands as much as IKEA. They introduce IKEA to each other based on their past experience and friendly recommendation. These consumers of are interest when encourage the more expensive products and have to thinking about it. IKEA advertisement for Iranian is very interesting, and consumers from low -income areas tend to buy more from IKEA. Since the price is low, the quality is high and everyday innovation in IKEAs products is obvious. IKEA gives the new idea to consumers who do not know which products they need for their house. IKEAs product attracts consumers with its innovation and considering consumers expectation. It is understandable that IKEA pay more attention on its consumers, their needs, wants, expectations, images, culture. Different age, job, purchasing power, culture, attitudes and habits needs different marketing, setting price, quality and store location because these factors obviously influence the consumers. REFERENCES: IKEA.2011.01.21 IKEA facts figures.ikea.com IKEA student information www.701 pandan.com www.Marketingpilgrim.com/2010 www.mpdailyfix.com/IKEA Blackwell, R, D;Miniard,P.W;Engel,j.f.2001 consumer behavior [13] Hyunjoo Oh, So-Yeon Yoon and Jana Hawley, what virtual reality can offer to the furniture industry, journalof textile and apparel, technology and management. Volume 4, Issue 1, summer 2004 Shiv, B. and A. Fedorikhin (1999), Heart and Mind in Conflict: The Interplay of Affect and Cognition in Consumer Decision Making, Journal of Consumer Research, 26 (December), 278-292. Cacioppo, J., S. Harkins, and R. Petty (1981), The Nature of AttitudesandCognitive Responses and Their Relationship to Behavior, Cognitive Responses in Persuasion, R. Petty, T. Ostrom, and T. Brock, eds., (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates). Zajonc, R. (1968), Attitudinal Effects of Mere Exposure, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 1-27. Petty, R., R. Unnava, and A. Strathman (1991), Theories of Attitude Change, in Handbook of Consumer Behavior, T. Robertson and H. Kassarjian eds., (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall).

is the brain reliable :: essays research papers

Is the Brain Reliable? The definition of the word â€Å"reliable† according to the American Heritage Dictionary is the capability of being relied on and dependable. In my personal opinion, the brain is one of the most reliable pieces of equipment that I have ever encountered. The power of the brain and its capabilities are endless. The human brain possesses both validity and consistency, while at the same time processing thousands of pieces of data a second and relaying the data into select portions of the brain. There are several aspects that are included in the brain: memory, perception, learning, consciousness, thinking, language, intelligence, motivation, emotion, personality, and sensation. These different aspects are reliant upon the brain, and without the brain the body would not be able to function. The human brain is a reliable mechanism that is capable of performing many multifaceted tasks. The brain is composed of numerous parts that work as an auxiliary to the brain, which help it function each and every day. Each individual has two portions of the brain inside his or her head, a left and a right hemisphere. The right hemisphere controls the left hand, musical and artistic ability, perception of space, imagination and fantasizing, body control, and awareness. The left portion of the brain is involved with the right hand, logical thinking, language ability, writing, math, and science work. The brain is able to decipher which side it needs to use in order to complete a subjective task. Each ability is dependent upon the brain to process the knowledge that is needed at certain times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The major dilemma involving the brain is whether or not it is a reliable source. The brain is a complex resource that is capable of processing just about anything. The brain can accomplish any task that it is given. It can maintain thousands of pieces of data and send the information to different parts of the body. For example, when a person is about to touch a hot stove, your brain sends an impulse to the hand. The impulse tells the hand to pull away from the hot stove. It is a reflex that is commanded by the brain in order help keep the body safe. If the brain were not reliable, people would think about their actions before they made a decision. But, since the brain is reliable, people are allowed to do things as instincts and if there is something wrong, the brain will alert the body.

Helmet to Helmet Rule Change the Game

The recent story in the NFL is helmet to helmet hits on defenseless player. The league committees are trying to make the league safer for the player to reduce injuries. The NFL Commissioner is not doing a good job protecting the players because concussion and major head damage keep happening. The Commissioners idea is to penalize by a 15 yards penalty on the field against their team, but also charged significant fines toward the player who commit the penalty. (Benavent) By fining the players the league is changing the speed of the game, the hard hitting and the fun of game.NFL Commissioner Robert Goodell stated: Strategy, strength and speed are what make the game great. We don’t want to take physical contact out of the game. But we must ensure that players follow rules designed to reduce the risk of injury. Enforcing rules on illegal hits to the head with fines and suspensions has changed tackling for the better. Players and coaches have adjusted. They always do. We now see fe wer dangerous hits to the head and noticeable changes in the way the game is being played. That’s true the league is safe but fining player is not going to fix the problem.The fact is that when you are tackling you are using your head which is a fundamental football. A tackle is when a player using a great amount of force to bring a ball carrier down. Further, it’s when a defender at lower leverage and strikes a ball carrier with his head across the ball carrier body with his arms wraped around him bring him down. Let’s say that the ball carrier does the same thing lowering his head trying to avoid the hit and now the defender is call for helmet to helmet hit. In the act helmets would hit together. It’s not unavoidable and certainly not intentional.I think that the NFL commissioner wants to encourage players to hit low toward the knees where the ball carrier has no protection. The result will in tearing ACL’s and other ligaments that end playersâ⠂¬â„¢ season and possibly careers. During this season there would be a lot of flags thrown during the game causing the game to be longer. But that’s not the main idea it is how to determine which violent hit is considered a penalty and a fine. Some of the violent hits are not called and some hits are called. The league needs to figure out which are and which are not.Most of the time these hard helmet hits happen when a receiver goes across the middle and a defender is attempting to stop the receiver from catching the ball. To clarify: Forcibly hitting the defenseless player’s head or neck area with the helmet, facemask, forearm, or shoulder, regardless of whether the defensive player also use his arms to tackle the defenseless player by encircling or grasping him; and lowering the head and making forcible contact with the top, crown or forehead â€Å"hairline† parts of the helmet against any part of the defenseless player’s body. Lapsncaps) There are a lo t of conversely between NFL Commissioner Goodell and players because the fact that they have to change their playing style and adjust to the new league safety rules. I think that it’s hard to adjust because football is a violent sport and tackles require force. I understand there trying to protect players, but there inconsistent and making it into a sissy league. Tackling is part of football. When a defender tackles a ball carrier helmet to helmet hit well happen.It’s not unavoidable and certainly no intentional. This sport is completive each team want a victory however in a situation when it really counts and a receiver attempts to catch the ball the defender would must likely hit the receiver to knocked to ball lose. But if the defender â€Å"forcibly hit the defenseless player’s head or neck area, lowering his head to any part of the defenseless player’s body is a penalty and fined thousands. The NFL wants to stop the concussion and prevent players wi th long term health problems.

Chordates and Vertebrates Lab Essay

Procedures/Methods: For each organism, find and draw a representative image. Each organism may include prepared slides as well as specimens, or students may need to find them on the internet. Provide descriptive notes for each organism and address any questions asked in detail using complete sentences. List all references. Results: 1. Urochordata –Tunicates a. Molgula – preserved i. What is the function of the two knobs/protrusions? The function of the two knobs/ protrusions are the incurrent and excurrent siphons. These creatures are suspension feeders so the siphons are where water and nutrients are exchanged, and wastes and gametes leave. 2. Cephalochordata a. (Amphiox) Lancelets – note the pharynx with gill slits, the nerve cord and the notochord 3. Vertebrata a. Lampreys – most primitive i. How do adult lampreys feed? Lampreys lack the typical jaws of other fishes, in both their larval and adult forms. After metamorphosis though, the oral hood present in larval lampreys is replaced by the adult’s concave, circular, sucker-disk mouth, with horny teeth. The feeding behavior is characterized by rhythmic rasping, negative pressure pulses in the sucker, and swallowing of fluid into the gut. Once the lamprey is attached to a host fish, the parasite extracts blood and/or muscle tissue. They prey on fishes in the ocean or lake system with their toothed oral suction like disc and breaking the skin and using a tongue that is covered with keratinized teeth to suction off blood and bits of tissue. They stay attached to their host usually until the resources are no longer available and are known to kill their hosts, but they can detach whenever they so choose. b. Chondricthyes i. Rays ii. Dogfish shark c. Ray-finned fishes – note bony support structures on fins i. Perch – 1. Note the swim bladder. What is its purpose? The swim bladder, also called the air bladder, is a buoyancy organ possessed by the perch as well as most bony fish. The swim bladder is located in the body cavity and is derived from an out-pocketing of the digestive tube. It contains gas (usually oxygen) and functions as a hydrostatic, or ballast, organ, enabling the fish to maintain its depth without floating upward or  sinking. It also serves as a resonating chamber to produce or receive sound. In some species the swim bladder contains oil instead of gas. In certain primitive fish it functions as a lung or respiratory aid instead of a hydrostatic organ. ii. Catfish iii. Eels Tetrapods (Within Vertebrata) 1. Amphibia a. Toads b. Frogs 2. Reptilia a. Lizards b. Snakes c. What is a distinguishing characteristic between reptiles and amphibians? Although both species are cold blooded, they are very different in appearance and physical makeup. Reptiles are covered in distinctive scales, and some may even have a rough texture. Amphibians, on the other hand, typically have smooth moist skin. Reptiles also have more diverse body types than amphibians. They may or may not have limbs, and can range in size from very small to substantially larger and heavier than humans. Most adult amphibians have four limbs, and while their size varies, very few grow larger than a man’s arm. The role of water is also an important distinguishing characteristic. Though many reptiles live in the vicinity of water, this is not essential for them to stay alive and some lizards and snakes are ideally suited to dry areas. By contrast, many amphibians must remain moist in order to breathe, although they do have lungs, they also take in oxygen through their skin. This thin skin means that they lost moisture easily as well, and  some will even die if their skin dries completely. Life cycles are different in that when reptile eggs hatch, the young look like miniature adults. An amphibian initially emerges from an egg in the form of an aquatic larva, like a tadpole that breathes through gills until they mature and develop lungs so they may survive without being completely submerged. 3. Aves a. Roadrunner b. Barn Owl 4. Mammalia a. Cottontail rabbit b. Opossum c. Which of these organisms is a marsupial? The opossum also just spelled possum is the marsupial of these two organisms. d. What is a marsupial? A marsupial is a mammal of an order whose members are born incompletely developed. At birth, they take a long, arduous journey from the birth canal, driven purely by instinct, grabbing hold of the mother marsupial’s fur which she has cleaned and made easier to traverse with saliva, to reach the pouch. Upon reaching the pouch, they latch onto a teat which swells in their mouth to prevent them from being accidentally dislodged during the mother’s movements. They remain attached for months to continue and complete their development. Discussion: Students learned all of the following in the chordates and vertebrates lab. Chordates have four key characteristics. They have notochords, a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits or clefts, and a muscular, post anal tail. Two major groupings are Urochordata and Cephalochordata. The  urochordata to be observed are the tunicates. Tunicates retain pharyngeal slits, have incurrent and excurrent siphon, and they are suspension feeders. Lancelets are the cephalochordate that will be observed in the lab. The next grouping are the craniates. The craniates have chordate characteristics plus a distinct head. Myxini are craniates, an example of which being the hagfish, but there are no specimen to be observed in the lab. The next major grouping are the vertebrates. These are craniates plus a backbone. The backbone includes vertebrae, they have a more extensive skull, and more elaborate skeletal support. The Lampreys are basal vertebrates that are jawless with a cartilaginous skeleton, and they retain their notochord. The Gnathostomes are vertebrate characteristics plus a true hinged jaw. Chondrichthyes, sharks and rays have cartilaginous skeletons, are gnathostomes. Another gnathostome is actinopterygii, which are ray-finned fishes. They have bony fin support, and ossified skeleton. The perch is an example of the actinopterygii, which has a swim bladder for buoyancy control which is for air instead of urine. They have a lateral line for vibration sensation, which will be viewed in lab. Catfish and eels will also be observed. The next group are Tetrapods, which have all the characteristics of gnathostome plus limbs. They have five key characteristics. Four limbs and feet with digits, neck for head movement, pelvic girdle that is fused to back bone, no gills, and ears for sound detection. Amphibia are early life aquatic adult life. Examples of these are toads, frogs, salamanders, and caecilians (a legless lizard which even though he doesn’t have legs, he has all the other characteristics). The next group is the amniote, which has tetrapod characteristics plus terrestrially adapted egg. The amniotic egg membranes incled the amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois. Examples are reptilian and aves (birds). The reptilian include tuataras, turtles, crocodilians, birds, snakes, lizards. The scales are waterproof and the lab has specimens of snakes and lizards. The aves have three characteristics, adaptation for flight (most), keratin-containing feathers, and they lack urinary bladder, and no teeth. There are roadrunner (just the foot) and barn owl (just the wing) specimens to observe in the lab. The last big group are the mammals. They have the same characteristics as the amniotes plus hair and milk production. There are five key characteristics. Mammals have mammary glands, hair, high metabolic rate (endothermic), larger brains, and  differentiated teeth (specialized for specific purposes). Under phylum mammalia, there are monotremes (platypus and echnida (only mammals that lay eggs), marsupials (pouched mammals-kangaroo, koala, possum), and eutherians (placental mammals). Conclusion: Students successfully completed this lab and learned the differences and characteristics for each organism. When viewing the Urochordata (Tunicates), the lab showed molgula. Students learned that the function of the two knobs/protrusions are the incurrent and excurrent siphons. Organisms with these incurrent and excurrent siphons are suspension feeders, so the siphons are where water and nutrients are exchanged and wastes and gametes leave. Then the Cephalochordata were viewed in the form of Lancelets, where students saw the pharynx with gill slits, the nerve chord and the notochord. Next, students observed the vertebrata. The lampreys were the most primitive, and from them it was learned that they lack the typical jaws of other fishes both in their larval and adult forms. The Lamprey’s feeding behavior is characterized by rhythmic rasping, negative pressure pulses in the sucker, and swallowing of fluid into the gut. Then the students viewed the chondricthyes in the forms of rays and dogfish. Next the ray-finned fishes were observed, including the perch, catfish, and the eels. The students saw the bony support structures on the fins and also learned about the purpose of the swim bladder. The swim bladder, also called the air bladder, is a buoyancy organ possessed by the perch as well as most bony fish. The swim bladder is located in the body cavity and is derived from an out-pocketing of the digestive tube. It contains gas (usually oxygen) and functions as a hydrostatic, or ballast, organ, enabling the fish to maintain its depth without floating upward or sinking. It also serves as a resonating chamber to produce or receive sound. After the ray-finned fishes, the tetrapods were observed. The amphibians, reptilians, aves, and mammals were all observed. Students viewed toads, frogs, lizards and snakes for amphibians and reptialians respectively. Students also learned the differences between the amphibians and reptiles. Reptiles are covered in distinctive scales, and some may even have a rough texture. Amphibians, on  the other hand, typically have smooth moist skin. Reptiles also have more diverse body types than amphibians. They may or may not have limbs, and can range in size from very small to substantially larger and heavier than humans. Most adult amphibians have four limbs, and while their size varies, very few grow larger than a man’s arm. The role of water is also an important distinguishing characteristic. Though many reptiles live in the vicinity of water, this is not essential for them to stay alive and some lizards and snakes are ideally suited to dry areas. By contrast, many amphibians must remain moist in order to breathe, although they do have lungs, they also take in oxygen through their skin. This thin skin means that they lost moisture easily as well, and some will even die if their skin dries completely. Life cycles are different in that when reptile eggs hatch, the young look like miniature adults. An amphibian initially emerges from an egg in the form of an aquatic larva, like a tadpole that breathes through gills until they mature and develop lungs so they may survive without being completely submerged. Roadrunners and barn owls were observed for aves. For mammals, cottontail rabbits and opossums were observed. Students also learned what marsupials are. A marsupial is a mammal of an order whose members are born incompletely developed. At birth, they take a long, arduous journey from the birth canal, driven purely by instinct, grabbing hold of the mother marsupial’s fur which she has cleaned and made easier to traverse with saliva, to reach the pouch. Upon reaching the pouch, they latch onto a teat which swells in their mouth to prevent them from being accidentally dislodged during the mother’s movements. They remain attached for months to continue and complete their development. The lab successful familiarized students with all the different types of vertebrates/chordates. References: List all references used in APA format. Carol, R. L. â€Å"The Origin of Reptiles.† In Origins of the Higher Groups of Tetrapods† Controversy and Consensus, edited by H. P. Schultze and L. Trueb. Ithaca, NY: Comstock, 1991. â€Å"Morphology of the Vertebrates†. University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved 2008-09-23 Nelson, J. S. (2006). Fishes of the World (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp. 601 pp. ISBN 0-471-25031-7. Personal Communication. Dr. Bledsoe. November 5, 2014. Rychel, A.L., Smith, S.E., Shimamoto, H.T., and Swalla, B.J. (2006). â€Å"Evolution and Development of the Chordates: Collagen and Pharyngeal Cartilage†. Molecular Biology and Evolution 23 (3): 541–549. Shu, D-G., Conway Morris, S., and Han, J (January 2003). â€Å"Head and backbone of the Early Cambrian vertebrate Haikouichthys†. Nature 421 (6922): 526–529. swim bladder. (2014). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/577044/swim-bladder tunicate. (2014). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/609172/tunicate/49484/External-features